Year 1 notes poetry

end rhyme
internal rhyme 
eye rhyme (when words look like they should rhyme) (eg. done and stone, most and lost)
abab rhyme scheme called - alternate rhyme
then think what words, why those words rhyme 
a rhyme and b rhyme links? 
beware of changes over time 
pararhyme = half rhyme, consonance, but vowel sounds are changed

STANZA FORMS

Closed - the pattern is fixed and stays the same throughout the poem

a pattern set up and repeated

Open - the pattern varies

Quatrains - units of four lines

Couplets - rhyme consecutive pairs of lines AABB

Alternating ABAB

Enclosed/ envelope ABBA -cyclical quality to this, sense of being stuck, of inability to get beyond something

Ballad metre - most likely to be ABCB

In memoriam AHH - arthur henry halem by tennyson? 

took 16 years to write

cesura - mid line pause

tetrameter (4 feet) - tetrameters more common in light verse

pentameter (5 feet)- more common in serious verse

17th century iambic pentameter couplets established as chief form for epic or heroic verse

these are known as heroic couplets

Poets have also explored in parody and satire

open and closed couplets

closed couplets are endstoped, eg. there is some punctuation at the end of the couplet

open couplets run on - 

antithesis - eg. with public zeal to cancel private crimes (from a poem by dryden)

resolved to ruin or to rule the state

chiasmus (subset of antithesis)

means crossing 

reverse grammatical order in second half of pairing

'in freindship false, impacable in hate'

should be in friendship false, in hate implacable 

instead he reverses , has the effect of balancing and second one packs more punch

metre greek word for measure

pattern of measureed sound units recurring more or less regularly in lines of verse 

chris baldick 'metre in the oxford english dictionary'

scansion - process of dividing up verse 

metre is often subtle - will affect how we understand and interpret a poem - often without us being fully aware of this

scansion makes metre visible 

truning something we can hear into somehting we can see

can then see a pattern

sound and meaning

shifts and variations in the metrical pattern 

variations and general metrical pattern both important 

accentual or strong stress metre fixed number of stresses per line no matter how many syllables 

syllabic verse - fixed number of sullables per line and stress does not really matter - partcularly found in french 

stress-syllable verse where their are heavy and lighter stresses - this is what we do in this module 

scansion is individual 

appointment march

stressed and unstressed replaced with more heavily or lightly stressed 

general metre is ground plan

most poems have a variation

foin main types of metrica foot

iamb light HEAVY - I AM x/

Trochee Heavy light - tro-key /x

anapest light light Heavy xx/ (a-na-pest)

dactyl Heavy light light /xx (dac-ti-ll)

less common

spondee 2 heavy stresses Heavy iamb or heavy trochee

pyrrhic 2 light stresses , light iamb or light trochee

amphibrach - light stress heavy stress light stress (quite rare in english verse)

how many feet in a line

monometer

dimeter

trimeter

tetrameter

pentameter

hexameter

heptameter

octameter

more stressed (lips/ tongue meet and push the words out)

less stressed when words flow out without much effort 

need a sharp pencil

stong stresses with a slash 

weak with an x

long dividing line between feet

how to scan top tips 

start with most obvious stresses

start further down as first few lines often different from rest of the poem

try swapping stresses around and see how it works

stress is relative - may only appear because of what is happening around it 

elision eg. in flowers

catalectic - foot of one syllable (stressed) at the end of a line when a trochee or dactyl is missing its lightly stressed sylable 

results in rising rather than falling ending 

this is an added foot when scaning

hypermetrical - adtion of an extra light stress after an imab or anapest

reuslts in falling rather than rising ending 

this isnt an added foot when scanning

iambs have rising rythm

Poetry seminar

kind of peotry we tend to think about as just poetry

things that suggest it has a lyric but dont have to be certain, dont have to put poems in boxes

non-lyruc poetry

dramatic eg shakespeare

narrative eg. paradise lost/ illiad/ oddessey

discursive - alaxander pope , an essay on criticism

everything else is probably a lyric poem

about connveying thoughts and feelings

Rhian Williams, The Poetry Toolkit

rime riche - reapeating exact phrases

assonacne - repeated vowel sounds

aliteration and conssance 

anaphora - phrases at the beggining of words repeated

speaker not narrator 

often reveal the essence of their relationship